Caption:

Engraving of Richard Arkwright's (1732-1792) carding machine, invented in 1775. Carding is the process used to comb and distentangle fibres in preparation for drawing and spinning. The cotton was ginned and beaten then fed onto the feed roller. Its wire teeth lay hold of the fibres and carry them round to the main roller. This has a surface speed 80 times that of the feed roller, and thus combs and straightens the fibres. The third roller, or doffer, moves at 1/10th of the speed of the main roller but, as its teeth are set in the opposite direction, removes the cotton from the main roller. A reciprocating comb takes the carded cotton from the doffer and delivers it in strips or 'slivers'. Illustration from Volume 1 of 'The science of modern cotton spinning' by Evan Leigh, published in Manchester in 1873.